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Eliza Haywood (c. 1693 – 25 February 1756), born Elizabeth Fowler, was an English writer, actress and publisher. An increase in interest and recognition of Haywood’s literary works began in the 1980s. Described as "prolific even by the standards of a prolific age", Haywood wrote and published over seventy works during her lifetime including fiction, drama, translations, poetry, conduct literature and periodicals (Blouch 7). Haywood is a significant figure of the 18th century as one of the important founders of the novel in English. Today she is studied primarily as a novelist. ==Biography== Scholars of Eliza Haywood universally agree upon only one thing: the exact date of her death. Haywood gave conflicting accounts of her own life; her origins remain unclear, and there are presently contending versions of her biography.〔 This author offers a summary of conflicting biographies of Haywood.〕 For example, it was once mistakenly believed that she married the Rev. Valentine Haywood.〔Whicher, Chapter I, for example. Corrected by Blouch, 539.〕 According to report, Haywood took pains to keep her personal life private, asking the one (unnamed) person with knowledge of her private life to remain silent for fear that such facts may be misrepresented in print. Apparently, that person felt enough loyalty to Haywood to honor her request.〔 Some details have been widely accepted however: She was probably born in either Shropshire or London, England. Her first entry into the public record is in Dublin, Ireland, in 1715 (probably at the age of twenty-one) when she was listed as "Mrs. Haywood" in Thomas Shadwell's Shakespeare adaptation, ''Timon of Athens; or, The Man-Hater'' at the Smock Alley Theatre.〔Blouch, 536–538〕 Haywood is now considered "the foremost female 'author by profession' and businesswoman of the first half of the eighteenth century," tireless and prolific in her endeavors as an author, editor, playwright, and publisher. During the early 1720s, "Mrs Haywood" dominated the novel market in London, so much so that contemporary Henry Fielding created a comic character, "Mrs Novel" in the ''Author's Farce'', modeled after her.〔 While the identity of her husband is unknown, Haywood did proclaim to be a widow and did have two children. Scholars have speculated that Haywood had an affair and even a child with Richard Savage in the 1720s, as well as an open twenty-year live-in relationship with William Hatchett, who was suspected of being the father of her second child.〔 However, later critics have called these speculations into question as too heavily influenced by Alexander Pope's famous illustration of her in ''The Dunciad'' and too little based upon hard facts (Pope depicted Haywood as a grotesque figure with two "babes of love" at her side, one by a poet and the other by a bookseller). Other accounts from the period, however, suggest that her "friends" rejected Pope's scandalous depiction of her; they maintained that she had been deserted by her husband and left to raise their children alone. In fact, and despite the popular belief that she was once a woman of ill repute, Haywood seems to have had no particular scandals attached her name whatsoever.〔 Haywood's friendship with Richard Savage is thought to have begun around 1719, just after the anonymous publication of ''Part I'' of her first novel, ''Love in Excess''. Savage wrote the gushing 'puff' for ''Part I'' of the novel. The two appear to have been close in these early years, sharing many associates in literary and theatrical circles, even sharing the same publisher, William Chetwood. By September 1725, however, Savage and Haywood had fallen out, and his anonymous attack on her as a 'cast-off Dame' desperate for acclaim in ''The Authors of the Town'' struck a chord. Savage is considered the likely impetus for Pope's attack on Haywood, as well.〔 Haywood's association with Aaron Hill and the literary coterie known as The Hillarians seems to have followed a similar pattern as Haywood rose to fame. The Hillarians were a collection of writers and artists "committed to a progressive programme of ameliorating 'politeness'," and included Savage, Hill, Martha Sansom, and for a time, Haywood. The group shared poems to and about each other, and formed a social circle of like minds. Haywood seems to have greatly admired Hill - who, though not a patron, seems to have promoted young and upcoming artists - and dedicated poems to him. She may have even seen him as a mentor during the earliest years of her career.〔 William Hatchett was a long-time colleague and collaborator. The two probably met around 1728 or 1729, and recent critics have touted the pair as domestic partners or lovers, though this suggestion has now been challenged. He was a player, playwright, pamphleteer, and translator (and perhaps "sponge") who shared a stage career with Haywood, and they collaborated on an adaptation of ''The Tragedy of Tragedies'' by Henry Fielding (with whom she also collaborated) and an opera, ''The Opera of Operas; or, Tom Thumb the Great'' (1733). Hatchett has even been considered the father of Haywood's second child (based on Pope's reference to "a Bookseller" as a father of one of her children, though Hatchett was not a bookseller). No clear evidence supporting this or a domestic partnership is extant.〔 Haywood’s writing career began in 1719 with the first installment of ''Love in Excess'', a novel, and ended in the year she died with conduct books ''The Wife'' and ''The Husband'', and the biweekly periodical ''The Young Lady''. She wrote in almost every genre, and many of her works were published anonymously. There is much of Haywood’s writing career that still remains unknown. She fell ill in October 1755 and died on 25 February 1756, actively publishing up until her death. She was buried in Saint Margaret's Church near Westminster Abbey in Westminster in an unmarked grave in the churchyard. For unknown reasons, her burial was delayed by about a week and her death duties remain unpaid. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Eliza Haywood」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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